Find federal tax brackets, standard deductions, investment tax rates, retirement limits, and key figures for individuals, families, and business owners. Start with the tax year you need, then scroll to the relevant table.
Reviewed against official sources: October 7, 2026. Tax-year figures and filing-year dates are identified separately. This is an informational reference; eligibility and calculation rules still matter.
2026 — Current year2025 — Previous year2024 — Historical2027 — Planning ahead
How to Read These Tables
A higher bracket does not raise the rate on all your income. For example, a single filer with $60,000 of taxable ordinary income in 2026 pays 10% on the first $12,400, 12% on the next $38,000, and 22% on the remaining $9,600. The resulting ordinary income tax is $7,912 before credits and other taxes.
A deduction reduces income subject to tax; a credit reduces tax itself. A marginal rate applies to the next portion of taxable income. Your effective rate depends on the total tax and income measure used. These bracket schedules are reference tools; an actual return may require the IRS Tax Table or Tax Computation Worksheet.
Official source: IRS federal income tax rates and brackets.
2026 Tax Rates & Key Figures
Tax year 2026 — generally used for returns filed in 2027. Reviewed: October 7, 2026.
2026 Quick Reference
| Item | 2026 amount |
|---|---|
| Federal ordinary income tax rates | 10%, 12%, 22%, 24%, 32%, 35%, 37% |
| Basic standard deduction — single | $16,100 |
| Basic standard deduction — married filing jointly | $32,200 |
| Basic standard deduction — head of household | $24,150 |
| Maximum child tax credit | $2,200 per qualifying child |
| IRA base contribution limit | $7,500 |
| 401(k), 403(b), governmental 457(b), TSP base employee deferral | $24,500 |
| Annual gift exclusion | $19,000 per donor, per recipient |
Official source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2025-32 — Section 4.
Official source: IRS Notice 2025-67 — retirement limits.
2026 Federal Income Tax Brackets
Use taxable income, after applicable deductions, rather than salary or gross income. Each rate applies only to income within that bracket. On a smaller screen, swipe or scroll sideways to see every filing status.
| Rate | Single | Married filing jointly / qualifying surviving spouse | Married filing separately | Head of household |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10% | Up to $12,400 | Up to $24,800 | Up to $12,400 | Up to $17,700 |
| 12% | Over $12,400 through $50,400 | Over $24,800 through $100,800 | Over $12,400 through $50,400 | Over $17,700 through $67,450 |
| 22% | Over $50,400 through $105,700 | Over $100,800 through $211,400 | Over $50,400 through $105,700 | Over $67,450 through $105,700 |
| 24% | Over $105,700 through $201,775 | Over $211,400 through $403,550 | Over $105,700 through $201,775 | Over $105,700 through $201,750 |
| 32% | Over $201,775 through $256,225 | Over $403,550 through $512,450 | Over $201,775 through $256,225 | Over $201,750 through $256,200 |
| 35% | Over $256,225 through $640,600 | Over $512,450 through $768,700 | Over $256,225 through $384,350 | Over $256,200 through $640,600 |
| 37% | Over $640,600 | Over $768,700 | Over $384,350 | Over $640,600 |
Official source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2025-32 — Section 4.01.
2026 Standard Deductions
| Filing status | Deduction |
|---|---|
| Single | $16,100 |
| Married filing jointly / qualifying surviving spouse | $32,200 |
| Married filing separately | $16,100 |
| Head of household | $24,150 |
| Taxpayer status | Additional amount per qualifying condition |
|---|---|
| Married / qualifying surviving spouse | $1,650 |
| Unmarried and not a qualifying surviving spouse | $2,050 |
Age 65 and blindness are separate qualifying conditions. A dependent’s deduction follows special rules; married filing separately generally cannot claim the standard deduction if the spouse itemizes.
Official source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2025-32 — Section 3.01 for 2025 basic deductions; Section 4.14 for 2026 deductions.
Enhanced Deduction for Seniors
For tax years 2025–2028, an eligible individual age 65 or older may claim up to $6,000, or up to $12,000 on a joint return if both spouses qualify. This is separate from the additional standard deduction for age or blindness and is available to eligible itemizers as well.
The deduction starts to phase out above modified adjusted gross income of $75,000, or $150,000 for joint filers. Married taxpayers must file jointly to claim it, and Social Security number requirements apply. It does not make all Social Security benefits tax-free.
Official source: IRS deductions for working Americans and seniors.
2026 Other Individual Deduction Limits
| Deduction | Maximum annual deduction | Modified AGI phaseout begins |
|---|---|---|
| Qualified tips | $25,000 per return | $150,000; $300,000 joint |
| Qualified overtime | $12,500; $25,000 joint | $150,000; $300,000 joint |
| Qualified personal vehicle loan interest | $10,000 per return | $100,000; $200,000 joint |
These are federal income-tax deductions available to eligible itemizers and non-itemizers. Tips and overtime remain subject to applicable payroll taxes. Tips must satisfy occupation and reporting rules; specified-service-business restrictions apply. Qualified overtime generally means the FLSA-required premium above regular pay, not all pay for overtime hours. Married taxpayers must file jointly for the tips and overtime deductions. Vehicle interest requires a qualifying new personal-use vehicle with final assembly in the United States and a qualifying secured loan originated after 2024; used vehicles and leases do not qualify. Additional eligibility and reporting rules apply.
Official source: IRS deductions for working Americans and seniors.
| Item | Other filing statuses | Married filing separately |
|---|---|---|
| Maximum SALT deduction | $40,400 | $20,200 |
| Modified AGI where limit reduction begins | $505,000 | $252,500 |
| Minimum deduction cap after income-based reduction | $10,000 | $5,000 |
The SALT deduction covers qualifying state and local income taxes or general sales taxes, plus qualifying property taxes. You must itemize, and your actual deduction cannot exceed qualifying taxes paid. These figures are deduction caps, not state tax rates.
Official source: IRS 2026 SALT correction.
Charitable deductions and the overall limitation on itemized deductions also changed for 2026. See IRS Publication 505 (2026) for the non-itemizer charitable deduction and applicable itemized-deduction limits.
2026 Long-Term Capital Gains & Qualified Dividends
| Filing status | 0% rate | 15% rate | 20% rate |
|---|---|---|---|
| Single | Up to $49,450 | Over $49,450 through $545,500 | Over $545,500 |
| Married filing jointly / qualifying surviving spouse | Up to $98,900 | Over $98,900 through $613,700 | Over $613,700 |
| Married filing separately | Up to $49,450 | Over $49,450 through $306,850 | Over $306,850 |
| Head of household | Up to $66,200 | Over $66,200 through $579,600 | Over $579,600 |
These thresholds use total taxable income. Ordinary income generally fills the lower bands first, so a capital gain can span more than one rate. Short-term gains generally use ordinary income rates. Qualified dividends may receive the same preferential rates; collectibles and certain real-estate gains have special rules. The net investment income tax can also apply.
Official source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2025-32 — Section 4.03.
2026 Retirement Contribution Limits
| Account or contribution | Base limit / additional contribution |
|---|---|
| Traditional and Roth IRAs combined | $7,500 |
| IRA additional catch-up — age 50+ | $1,100 |
| IRA total — age 50+ | $8,600 |
| 401(k), 403(b), governmental 457(b), TSP — employee deferral | $24,500 |
| Regular catch-up — age 50+ (eligible plans) | $8,000 additional |
| Higher catch-up — ages 60–63 (eligible plans) | $11,250 additional; replaces regular catch-up |
| SIMPLE IRA / SIMPLE 401(k) — general base | $17,000 |
| Certain eligible SIMPLE plans — higher base | $18,100 |
| SIMPLE regular age 50+ catch-up — general rule | $4,000 additional |
| SIMPLE ages 60–63 catch-up | $5,250 additional; replaces regular catch-up |
| Defined-contribution annual additions limit (e.g., 401(k)) | $72,000; excludes eligible catch-up contributions |
IRA limits are shared across traditional and Roth IRAs and depend on eligible compensation. Employee deferral limits generally cover combined traditional and Roth contributions; employer contributions follow separate rules. SIMPLE catch-up limits differ for certain enhanced-limit plans ($3,850 regular catch-up). Governmental 457(b) plans have separate coordination rules and may offer a special final-three-years catch-up.
For 2026, covered employees with more than $150,000 of prior-year Social Security wages from the sponsoring employer generally must make applicable catch-up contributions as Roth contributions. Confirm how your plan applies this rule.
Official source: IRS Notice 2025-67.
2026 IRA Income Phaseouts
| Contribution or deduction | Situation | Phaseout range |
|---|---|---|
| Roth IRA contribution | Single / head of household | $153,000–$168,000 |
| Roth IRA contribution | Married filing jointly | $242,000–$252,000 |
| Traditional IRA deduction | Single / head of household; contributor covered at work | $81,000–$91,000 |
| Traditional IRA deduction | Joint return; contributor covered at work | $129,000–$149,000 |
| Traditional IRA deduction | Joint return; contributor not covered, spouse covered | $242,000–$252,000 |
Married filing separately while living with a spouse during the year generally has a $0–$10,000 phaseout for Roth contributions and applicable traditional IRA deductions. Different rules can apply if spouses lived apart all year. If neither spouse is covered by a workplace retirement plan, these workplace-plan deduction phaseouts do not apply.
Official source: IRS Notice 2025-67.
2026 HSA & Health FSA Limits
| Item | Amount |
|---|---|
| HSA contribution — self-only coverage | $4,400 |
| HSA contribution — family coverage | $8,750 |
| HDHP minimum deductible — self-only | $1,700 |
| HDHP minimum deductible — family | $3,400 |
| HDHP maximum out-of-pocket — self-only | $8,500 |
| HDHP maximum out-of-pocket — family | $17,000 |
| Health FSA employee salary reduction | $3,400 |
| Health FSA maximum carryover, if plan permits | $680 |
| HSA additional contribution — eligible age 55+ | $1,000 |
HSA limits include employer and employee contributions together. Eligibility, months of coverage, and Medicare enrollment can change the allowed contribution. Each eligible spouse’s age-55 catch-up must go into that spouse’s own HSA. The HDHP figures describe the general HDHP test; special statutory treatment applies to certain plans beginning in 2026. Health FSA carryover is optional and controlled by the employer’s plan.
Official source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2025-19 — HSA / HDHP limits.
Official source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2025-32 — health FSA limits.
Official source: IRS Publication 969 — HSA eligibility and catch-up rules.
2026 Child Tax Credit & Earned Income Tax Credit
| Item | Amount or rule |
|---|---|
| Maximum child tax credit | $2,200 per qualifying child |
| Maximum potentially refundable portion | $1,700 per qualifying child |
| Credit phaseout begins — married filing jointly | $400,000 modified AGI |
| Credit phaseout begins — other filing statuses | $200,000 modified AGI |
The child tax credit generally requires a qualifying child under age 17 and applicable Social Security numbers. The refundable amount depends on earned income and other eligibility rules; it is not automatically paid in full.
Official source: IRS Child Tax Credit guidance.
Official source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2025-32 — child-credit law changes and 2026 amounts.
| Qualifying children | Maximum credit | No credit at or above — eligible nonjoint filer | No credit at or above — joint filer |
|---|---|---|---|
| None | $664 | $19,540 | $26,820 |
| One | $4,427 | $51,593 | $58,863 |
| Two | $7,316 | $58,629 | $65,899 |
| Three or more | $8,231 | $62,974 | $70,244 |
For these EITC phaseout tests, use adjusted gross income or earned income, whichever is greater. Eligibility also depends on age, qualifying children, residency, valid Social Security numbers, and other rules. Certain separated spouses may qualify without a joint return. Investment income above $12,200 disqualifies a taxpayer from the EITC.
Official source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2025-32 — earned income credit tables.
2026 Payroll & Self-Employment Taxes
| Tax | Employee / employer or self-employed rate | Limit |
|---|---|---|
| Social Security | 6.2% employee + 6.2% employer | $184,500 wage base |
| Medicare | 1.45% employee + 1.45% employer | No wage base cap |
| Self-employment tax | 12.4% Social Security + 2.9% Medicare | Social Security portion subject to $184,500 combined wage/net-earnings base |
| Additional Medicare tax | 0.9% taxpayer tax; no employer matching | Filing-status thresholds below |
| FUTA — employer tax | 6%; potentially 0.6% after maximum credit | First $7,000 of covered wages; credit-reduction rules can increase tax |
Self-employment tax is generally figured on 92.35% of net earnings, with coordination for wages already subject to Social Security tax. It is separate from income tax. Additional Medicare tax generally starts above $250,000 for joint filers, $125,000 for married filing separately, and $200,000 for all other filers. Employers begin withholding it after paying an employee more than $200,000, regardless of filing status.
Official source: IRS Publication 15 (2026).
Official source: IRS Topic 554 — self-employment tax.
Official source: IRS Topic 560 — Additional Medicare tax.
2026 Net Investment Income Tax
| Filing status | Modified AGI threshold |
|---|---|
| Single | $200,000 |
| Married filing jointly / qualifying surviving spouse | $250,000 |
| Married filing separately | $125,000 |
| Head of household | $200,000 |
For individuals, this tax applies to the lesser of net investment income or modified AGI above the threshold. It can apply in addition to ordinary or capital-gains income tax. Wages and qualifying retirement-plan distributions generally are not net investment income, though they can affect the income threshold.
Official source: IRS Topic 559 — net investment income tax.
2026 Alternative Minimum Tax
| Filing status | Exemption | Phaseout begins | Fully phased out |
|---|---|---|---|
| Single / head of household | $90,100 | $500,000 | $680,200 |
| Married filing jointly / qualifying surviving spouse | $140,200 | $1,000,000 | $1,280,400 |
| Married filing separately | $70,100 | $500,000 | $640,200 |
Individual AMT uses rates of 26% and 28%. The 28% rate applies above $244,500 of AMT taxable excess, or $122,250 for married filing separately. AMT income is a separate calculation; these thresholds are not ordinary-income brackets.
Official source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2025-32 — AMT exemptions, rates, and phaseouts.
2026 Gifts & Estates
| Item | Amount |
|---|---|
| Annual gift exclusion | $19,000 per donor, per recipient |
| Annual exclusion for gifts to a non-U.S.-citizen spouse | $194,000 |
| Federal estate and gift basic exclusion | $15,000,000 per individual |
A gift above the annual exclusion can require Form 709 and use part of the lifetime exclusion without creating an immediate tax bill. Special exclusions apply to qualifying tuition or medical payments made directly to the provider. The noncitizen-spouse exclusion has qualification rules. State estate or inheritance taxes can apply separately.
Official source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2025-32 — gift and estate amounts.
2026 Business Tax Reference
| Item | Rate, limit, or treatment |
|---|---|
| Regular federal C corporation income tax | 21% of taxable income |
| Sole proprietorship / partnership / S corporation | Income generally passes through to owners; individual brackets may apply |
| Qualified business income deduction | Generally up to 20% of qualifying income; limitations apply |
| Section 179 maximum deduction | $2,560,000 |
| Section 179 phaseout starts | $4,090,000 of qualifying property placed in service |
An LLC’s tax treatment depends on its federal classification or election. Pass-through treatment does not eliminate payroll, self-employment, or entity-level taxes. Section 179 also has a business-income limitation and property-specific restrictions; it is separate from bonus depreciation. Certain large corporations face a separate corporate alternative minimum tax calculation.
Official source: IRS Form 1120 instructions — regular corporate tax.
Official source: IRS qualified business income guidance.
Official source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2025-32 — updated 2025 and 2026 Section 179 amounts.
| Filing status | Threshold | End of phase-in range |
|---|---|---|
| Married filing jointly / qualifying surviving spouse | $403,500 | $553,500 |
| Married filing separately | $201,775 | $276,775 |
| All other returns | $201,750 | $276,750 |
Above the threshold, wage/property limits and specified-service-business rules can affect the QBI deduction. The end of this range does not automatically eliminate the deduction for every business.
Official source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2025-32 — QBI thresholds and phase-in ranges.
Beginning in 2026, an eligible taxpayer with at least $1,000 of qualified business income from an active trade or business may qualify for a $400 minimum QBI deduction. Separate qualification rules apply.
Official source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2025-32 — Section 2.12.
2026 Estates & Trusts — Ordinary Income
| Rate | Taxable income |
|---|---|
| 10% | Up to $3,300 |
| 24% | Over $3,300 through $11,700 |
| 35% | Over $11,700 through $16,000 |
| 37% | Over $16,000 |
These compressed brackets generally concern taxable income retained by an estate or trust. Income distributed to beneficiaries can be taxed under different rules; grantor trusts and preferential gains require separate treatment.
Official source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2025-32 — Section 4.01, Table 5.
2025 Tax Rates & Key Figures
Tax year 2025 — generally used for returns filed in 2026. Reviewed: October 7, 2026.
2025 Quick Reference
| Item | 2025 amount |
|---|---|
| Federal ordinary income tax rates | 10%, 12%, 22%, 24%, 32%, 35%, 37% |
| Basic standard deduction — single | $15,750 |
| Basic standard deduction — married filing jointly | $31,500 |
| Basic standard deduction — head of household | $23,625 |
| Maximum child tax credit | $2,200 per qualifying child |
| IRA base contribution limit | $7,000 |
| 401(k), 403(b), governmental 457(b), TSP base employee deferral | $23,500 |
| Annual gift exclusion | $19,000 per donor, per recipient |
Official source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2024-40 — Section 2.
Official source: IRS Notice 2024-80 — retirement limits.
Official source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2025-32 — updated 2025 standard deductions and child-credit law changes.
2025 Federal Income Tax Brackets
Use taxable income, after applicable deductions, rather than salary or gross income. Each rate applies only to income within that bracket. On a smaller screen, swipe or scroll sideways to see every filing status.
| Rate | Single | Married filing jointly / qualifying surviving spouse | Married filing separately | Head of household |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10% | Up to $11,925 | Up to $23,850 | Up to $11,925 | Up to $17,000 |
| 12% | Over $11,925 through $48,475 | Over $23,850 through $96,950 | Over $11,925 through $48,475 | Over $17,000 through $64,850 |
| 22% | Over $48,475 through $103,350 | Over $96,950 through $206,700 | Over $48,475 through $103,350 | Over $64,850 through $103,350 |
| 24% | Over $103,350 through $197,300 | Over $206,700 through $394,600 | Over $103,350 through $197,300 | Over $103,350 through $197,300 |
| 32% | Over $197,300 through $250,525 | Over $394,600 through $501,050 | Over $197,300 through $250,525 | Over $197,300 through $250,500 |
| 35% | Over $250,525 through $626,350 | Over $501,050 through $751,600 | Over $250,525 through $375,800 | Over $250,500 through $626,350 |
| 37% | Over $626,350 | Over $751,600 | Over $375,800 | Over $626,350 |
Official source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2024-40 — Section 2.01.
2025 Standard Deductions
| Filing status | Deduction |
|---|---|
| Single | $15,750 |
| Married filing jointly / qualifying surviving spouse | $31,500 |
| Married filing separately | $15,750 |
| Head of household | $23,625 |
| Taxpayer status | Additional amount per qualifying condition |
|---|---|
| Married / qualifying surviving spouse | $1,600 |
| Unmarried and not a qualifying surviving spouse | $2,000 |
Age 65 and blindness are separate qualifying conditions. A dependent’s deduction follows special rules; married filing separately generally cannot claim the standard deduction if the spouse itemizes.
Official source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2025-32 — Section 3.01 for 2025 basic deductions; Section 4.14 for 2026 deductions.
Official source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2024-40 — Section 2.15 for additional age/blindness amounts.
Enhanced Deduction for Seniors
For tax years 2025–2028, an eligible individual age 65 or older may claim up to $6,000, or up to $12,000 on a joint return if both spouses qualify. This is separate from the additional standard deduction for age or blindness and is available to eligible itemizers as well.
The deduction starts to phase out above modified adjusted gross income of $75,000, or $150,000 for joint filers. Married taxpayers must file jointly to claim it, and Social Security number requirements apply. It does not make all Social Security benefits tax-free.
Official source: IRS deductions for working Americans and seniors.
2025 Other Individual Deduction Limits
| Deduction | Maximum annual deduction | Modified AGI phaseout begins |
|---|---|---|
| Qualified tips | $25,000 per return | $150,000; $300,000 joint |
| Qualified overtime | $12,500; $25,000 joint | $150,000; $300,000 joint |
| Qualified personal vehicle loan interest | $10,000 per return | $100,000; $200,000 joint |
These are federal income-tax deductions available to eligible itemizers and non-itemizers. Tips and overtime remain subject to applicable payroll taxes. Tips must satisfy occupation and reporting rules; specified-service-business restrictions apply. Qualified overtime generally means the FLSA-required premium above regular pay, not all pay for overtime hours. Married taxpayers must file jointly for the tips and overtime deductions. Vehicle interest requires a qualifying new personal-use vehicle with final assembly in the United States and a qualifying secured loan originated after 2024; used vehicles and leases do not qualify. Additional eligibility and reporting rules apply.
Official source: IRS deductions for working Americans and seniors.
| Item | Other filing statuses | Married filing separately |
|---|---|---|
| Maximum SALT deduction | $40,000 | $20,000 |
| Modified AGI where limit reduction begins | $500,000 | $250,000 |
| Minimum deduction cap after income-based reduction | $10,000 | $5,000 |
The SALT deduction covers qualifying state and local income taxes or general sales taxes, plus qualifying property taxes. You must itemize, and your actual deduction cannot exceed qualifying taxes paid. These figures are deduction caps, not state tax rates.
Official source: IRS 2025 Schedule A instructions.
2025 Long-Term Capital Gains & Qualified Dividends
| Filing status | 0% rate | 15% rate | 20% rate |
|---|---|---|---|
| Single | Up to $48,350 | Over $48,350 through $533,400 | Over $533,400 |
| Married filing jointly / qualifying surviving spouse | Up to $96,700 | Over $96,700 through $600,050 | Over $600,050 |
| Married filing separately | Up to $48,350 | Over $48,350 through $300,000 | Over $300,000 |
| Head of household | Up to $64,750 | Over $64,750 through $566,700 | Over $566,700 |
These thresholds use total taxable income. Ordinary income generally fills the lower bands first, so a capital gain can span more than one rate. Short-term gains generally use ordinary income rates. Qualified dividends may receive the same preferential rates; collectibles and certain real-estate gains have special rules. The net investment income tax can also apply.
Official source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2024-40 — Section 2.03.
2025 Retirement Contribution Limits
| Account or contribution | Base limit / additional contribution |
|---|---|
| Traditional and Roth IRAs combined | $7,000 |
| IRA additional catch-up — age 50+ | $1,000 |
| IRA total — age 50+ | $8,000 |
| 401(k), 403(b), governmental 457(b), TSP — employee deferral | $23,500 |
| Regular catch-up — age 50+ (eligible plans) | $7,500 additional |
| Higher catch-up — ages 60–63 (eligible plans) | $11,250 additional; replaces regular catch-up |
| SIMPLE IRA / SIMPLE 401(k) — general base | $16,500 |
| Certain eligible SIMPLE plans — higher base | $17,600 |
| SIMPLE regular age 50+ catch-up — general rule | $3,500 additional |
| SIMPLE ages 60–63 catch-up | $5,250 additional; replaces regular catch-up |
| Defined-contribution annual additions limit (e.g., 401(k)) | $70,000; excludes eligible catch-up contributions |
IRA limits are shared across traditional and Roth IRAs and depend on eligible compensation. Employee deferral limits generally cover combined traditional and Roth contributions; employer contributions follow separate rules. SIMPLE catch-up limits differ for certain enhanced-limit plans ($3,850 regular catch-up). Governmental 457(b) plans have separate coordination rules and may offer a special final-three-years catch-up.
Official source: IRS Notice 2024-80.
2025 IRA Income Phaseouts
| Contribution or deduction | Situation | Phaseout range |
|---|---|---|
| Roth IRA contribution | Single / head of household | $150,000–$165,000 |
| Roth IRA contribution | Married filing jointly | $236,000–$246,000 |
| Traditional IRA deduction | Single / head of household; contributor covered at work | $79,000–$89,000 |
| Traditional IRA deduction | Joint return; contributor covered at work | $126,000–$146,000 |
| Traditional IRA deduction | Joint return; contributor not covered, spouse covered | $236,000–$246,000 |
Married filing separately while living with a spouse during the year generally has a $0–$10,000 phaseout for Roth contributions and applicable traditional IRA deductions. Different rules can apply if spouses lived apart all year. If neither spouse is covered by a workplace retirement plan, these workplace-plan deduction phaseouts do not apply.
Official source: IRS Notice 2024-80.
2025 HSA & Health FSA Limits
| Item | Amount |
|---|---|
| HSA contribution — self-only coverage | $4,300 |
| HSA contribution — family coverage | $8,550 |
| HDHP minimum deductible — self-only | $1,650 |
| HDHP minimum deductible — family | $3,300 |
| HDHP maximum out-of-pocket — self-only | $8,300 |
| HDHP maximum out-of-pocket — family | $16,600 |
| Health FSA employee salary reduction | $3,300 |
| Health FSA maximum carryover, if plan permits | $660 |
| HSA additional contribution — eligible age 55+ | $1,000 |
HSA limits include employer and employee contributions together. Eligibility, months of coverage, and Medicare enrollment can change the allowed contribution. Each eligible spouse’s age-55 catch-up must go into that spouse’s own HSA. The HDHP figures describe the general HDHP test; special statutory treatment applies to certain plans beginning in 2026. Health FSA carryover is optional and controlled by the employer’s plan.
Official source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2024-25 — HSA / HDHP limits.
Official source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2024-40 — health FSA limits.
Official source: IRS Publication 969 — HSA eligibility and catch-up rules.
2025 Child Tax Credit & Earned Income Tax Credit
| Item | Amount or rule |
|---|---|
| Maximum child tax credit | $2,200 per qualifying child |
| Maximum potentially refundable portion | $1,700 per qualifying child |
| Credit phaseout begins — married filing jointly | $400,000 modified AGI |
| Credit phaseout begins — other filing statuses | $200,000 modified AGI |
The child tax credit generally requires a qualifying child under age 17 and applicable Social Security numbers. The refundable amount depends on earned income and other eligibility rules; it is not automatically paid in full.
Official source: IRS Child Tax Credit guidance.
Official source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2025-32 — child-credit law changes and 2026 amounts.
| Qualifying children | Maximum credit | No credit at or above — eligible nonjoint filer | No credit at or above — joint filer |
|---|---|---|---|
| None | $649 | $19,104 | $26,214 |
| One | $4,328 | $50,434 | $57,554 |
| Two | $7,152 | $57,310 | $64,430 |
| Three or more | $8,046 | $61,555 | $68,675 |
For these EITC phaseout tests, use adjusted gross income or earned income, whichever is greater. Eligibility also depends on age, qualifying children, residency, valid Social Security numbers, and other rules. Certain separated spouses may qualify without a joint return. Investment income above $11,950 disqualifies a taxpayer from the EITC.
Official source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2024-40 — earned income credit tables.
2025 Payroll & Self-Employment Taxes
| Tax | Employee / employer or self-employed rate | Limit |
|---|---|---|
| Social Security | 6.2% employee + 6.2% employer | $176,100 wage base |
| Medicare | 1.45% employee + 1.45% employer | No wage base cap |
| Self-employment tax | 12.4% Social Security + 2.9% Medicare | Social Security portion subject to $176,100 combined wage/net-earnings base |
| Additional Medicare tax | 0.9% taxpayer tax; no employer matching | Filing-status thresholds below |
| FUTA — employer tax | 6%; potentially 0.6% after maximum credit | First $7,000 of covered wages; credit-reduction rules can increase tax |
Self-employment tax is generally figured on 92.35% of net earnings, with coordination for wages already subject to Social Security tax. It is separate from income tax. Additional Medicare tax generally starts above $250,000 for joint filers, $125,000 for married filing separately, and $200,000 for all other filers. Employers begin withholding it after paying an employee more than $200,000, regardless of filing status.
Official source: IRS Publication 15 (2025).
Official source: IRS Topic 554 — self-employment tax.
Official source: IRS Topic 560 — Additional Medicare tax.
2025 Net Investment Income Tax
| Filing status | Modified AGI threshold |
|---|---|
| Single | $200,000 |
| Married filing jointly / qualifying surviving spouse | $250,000 |
| Married filing separately | $125,000 |
| Head of household | $200,000 |
For individuals, this tax applies to the lesser of net investment income or modified AGI above the threshold. It can apply in addition to ordinary or capital-gains income tax. Wages and qualifying retirement-plan distributions generally are not net investment income, though they can affect the income threshold.
Official source: IRS Topic 559 — net investment income tax.
2025 Alternative Minimum Tax
| Filing status | Exemption | Phaseout begins | Fully phased out |
|---|---|---|---|
| Single / head of household | $88,100 | $626,350 | $978,750 |
| Married filing jointly / qualifying surviving spouse | $137,000 | $1,252,700 | $1,800,700 |
| Married filing separately | $68,500 | $626,350 | $900,350 |
Individual AMT uses rates of 26% and 28%. The 28% rate applies above $239,100 of AMT taxable excess, or $119,550 for married filing separately. AMT income is a separate calculation; these thresholds are not ordinary-income brackets.
Official source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2024-40 — AMT exemptions, rates, and phaseouts.
2025 Gifts & Estates
| Item | Amount |
|---|---|
| Annual gift exclusion | $19,000 per donor, per recipient |
| Annual exclusion for gifts to a non-U.S.-citizen spouse | $190,000 |
| Federal estate and gift basic exclusion | $13,990,000 per individual |
A gift above the annual exclusion can require Form 709 and use part of the lifetime exclusion without creating an immediate tax bill. Special exclusions apply to qualifying tuition or medical payments made directly to the provider. The noncitizen-spouse exclusion has qualification rules. State estate or inheritance taxes can apply separately.
Official source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2024-40 — gift and estate amounts.
2025 Business Tax Reference
| Item | Rate, limit, or treatment |
|---|---|
| Regular federal C corporation income tax | 21% of taxable income |
| Sole proprietorship / partnership / S corporation | Income generally passes through to owners; individual brackets may apply |
| Qualified business income deduction | Generally up to 20% of qualifying income; limitations apply |
| Section 179 maximum deduction | $2,500,000 |
| Section 179 phaseout starts | $4,000,000 of qualifying property placed in service |
An LLC’s tax treatment depends on its federal classification or election. Pass-through treatment does not eliminate payroll, self-employment, or entity-level taxes. Section 179 also has a business-income limitation and property-specific restrictions; it is separate from bonus depreciation. Certain large corporations face a separate corporate alternative minimum tax calculation.
Official source: IRS Form 1120 instructions — regular corporate tax.
Official source: IRS qualified business income guidance.
Official source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2025-32 — updated 2025 and 2026 Section 179 amounts.
| Filing status | Threshold | End of phase-in range |
|---|---|---|
| Married filing jointly / qualifying surviving spouse | $394,600 | $494,600 |
| Married filing separately | $197,300 | $247,300 |
| All other returns | $197,300 | $247,300 |
Above the threshold, wage/property limits and specified-service-business rules can affect the QBI deduction. The end of this range does not automatically eliminate the deduction for every business.
Official source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2024-40 — QBI thresholds and phase-in ranges.
2025 Estates & Trusts — Ordinary Income
| Rate | Taxable income |
|---|---|
| 10% | Up to $3,150 |
| 24% | Over $3,150 through $11,450 |
| 35% | Over $11,450 through $15,650 |
| 37% | Over $15,650 |
These compressed brackets generally concern taxable income retained by an estate or trust. Income distributed to beneficiaries can be taxed under different rules; grantor trusts and preferential gains require separate treatment.
Official source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2024-40 — Section 2.01, Table 5.
2024 Historical Tax Reference
Tax year 2024 — generally used for returns filed in 2025. Reviewed: October 7, 2026.
View 2024 brackets and standard deductions
Retained for prior-year comparisons and amended-return reference. Swipe or scroll sideways on narrow screens to see all filing statuses.
| Rate | Single | Married filing jointly / qualifying surviving spouse | Married filing separately | Head of household |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10% | Up to $11,600 | Up to $23,200 | Up to $11,600 | Up to $16,550 |
| 12% | Over $11,600 through $47,150 | Over $23,200 through $94,300 | Over $11,600 through $47,150 | Over $16,550 through $63,100 |
| 22% | Over $47,150 through $100,525 | Over $94,300 through $201,050 | Over $47,150 through $100,525 | Over $63,100 through $100,500 |
| 24% | Over $100,525 through $191,950 | Over $201,050 through $383,900 | Over $100,525 through $191,950 | Over $100,500 through $191,950 |
| 32% | Over $191,950 through $243,725 | Over $383,900 through $487,450 | Over $191,950 through $243,725 | Over $191,950 through $243,700 |
| 35% | Over $243,725 through $609,350 | Over $487,450 through $731,200 | Over $243,725 through $365,600 | Over $243,700 through $609,350 |
| 37% | Over $609,350 | Over $731,200 | Over $365,600 | Over $609,350 |
2024 Standard Deductions
| Filing status | Deduction |
|---|---|
| Single | $14,600 |
| Married filing jointly / qualifying surviving spouse | $29,200 |
| Married filing separately | $14,600 |
| Head of household | $21,900 |
| Taxpayer status | Amount |
|---|---|
| Married / qualifying surviving spouse | $1,550 |
| Unmarried and not a qualifying surviving spouse | $1,950 |
Official source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2023-34 — Sections 3.01 and 3.15.
2027 Tax Planning — Published Figures
Tax year 2027 — generally used for returns filed in 2028. Publication status checked: October 7, 2026.
Federal income-tax brackets: official 2027 figures were not located in this review. The 2026 brackets are not presented as 2027 brackets. The following HSA/HDHP figures have already been published by the IRS.
2027 HSA & HDHP Limits
| Item | 2027 amount |
|---|---|
| HSA contribution — self-only coverage | $4,500 |
| HSA contribution — family coverage | $9,000 |
| HDHP minimum deductible — self-only | $1,750 |
| HDHP minimum deductible — family | $3,500 |
| HDHP maximum out-of-pocket — self-only | $8,700 |
| HDHP maximum out-of-pocket — family | $17,400 |
| HSA additional contribution — eligible age 55+ | $1,000 |
Contribution limits include employer and employee contributions. HSA eligibility and catch-up rules still apply. The HDHP figures describe the general test; statutory exceptions may apply.
Official source: IRS Revenue Procedure 2026-24 — Section 3.01.
Official source: IRS Publication 969 — HSA eligibility and catch-up rules.
Additional 2027 figures will be added after the relevant official releases are reviewed. Check the source and review date when using this section for planning.
State Taxes & Official Resources
These tables cover federal taxes. State and local income taxes, sales taxes, payroll obligations, and estate or inheritance taxes follow separate rules. Federal tax-law changes do not necessarily change state treatment.
Find official state tax agency websites or view North Carolina’s official individual income tax rates.
Use the original official sources linked below each table for technical details. For additional records and tax resources, visit the CPA at Large Tax Center.
This page provides general tax information and is not a substitute for a return calculation or advice tailored to your circumstances. Figures may change through legislation or subsequent official guidance.